��ɫ����

Open educational resources (OERs) are:

This open movement was pioneered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT’s) Open CourseWare (OCW) initiative in 2001 (Brown and Adler 2008), and it has thrived worldwide. However, despite this increase in ‘openness’, people with disabilities still face significant barriers in accessing ‘open’ content.

Disabilities can pose many challenges to learners who want to access learning. The need to make physical spaces accessible for students with disabilities has been acknowledged for some time. However, not many educators are aware of the challenges that learning content, especially in digital formats, can pose. For example, information differentiated solely by colour may not be accessible to a colour-blind learner. Similarly, a podcast may be inaccessible to a hearing-impaired learner unless a transcript is provided. Navigating electronic learning materials with assistive technologies that provide vital support to disabled learners can be hugely challenging unless the materials are designed with accessibility in mind (Liyanagunawardena and Hussain 2017).

In this blog post, we define accessibility as ‘equal access to digital content regardless of a person’s disability’ – in many cases, access will involve the use of assistive technologies such as screen-readers. This extends the term ‘web accessibility’, coined by World Wide Web Consortium to describe the aim that goal that ‘people with disabilities can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web, and that they can contribute to the Web’ (W3C 2005).

Many researchers have reviewed accessibility of academic websites and e-learning delivery sites (Kent 2015; Seale et al 2015). Over the years, the accessibility of websites and services has generally improved. However, Seale et al point out that many students with disabilities still find it difficult to manage their studies due to inaccessible learning places and/or learning materials (ibid).

‘OER can be created by anyone and shared online. This raises the question: Who is responsible for the accessibility of OER and other freely available content?’

OER can be created by anyone and shared online, in an OER repository or elsewhere. This, then, raises the question, Who is responsible for the accessibility of OER and other freely available content?

In many countries, there are equal rights legal frameworks to prohibit discrimination against disabled-citizens. In the UK, the Equality Act 2010 legally protects people from discrimination. In the US, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has, in many cases, improved access to higher education for students with disabilities. However, these pieces of legislation may not apply for OER created by individuals as opposed to courses or resources offered by institutions.

Raising awareness and educating resource designers and creators can help to resolve this problem. There are already massive open online courses (MOOCs) that raise accessibility awareness and offer tools that can be used to identify and highlight accessibility issues. Examples include ‘(HE) Accessibility: Designing and Teaching Courses for All Learners’ by the State University of New York (SUNY) Empire State College and SUNY Buffalo State, and by Ryerson University, both of which are offered as self-paced courses on the .

Creators of open content may not always have the skills to make their content accessible, but they can encourage others to help make their content more accessible by ensuring that their choice of licence allows others to edit and extend it. The real promise of making content accessible will lie around community rather than individuals. For example, the of learners have translated video subtitles into more than 65 different languages. Similarly, volunteers could contribute to making content accessible by, for example, adding captions, or by highlighting instances in which there are issues in materials with respect to accessibility and, where appropriate, fixing these.

If community action can be harnessed to help create accessible open content and to convert inaccessible content into an accessible form, then the accessibility of many materials could be improved to ensure that learning is available and truly open to everyone.

A forthcoming book chapter, ‘Open to Inclusion: Exploring openness for differently-abled people’ – co-authored by , and – will explore these ideas further.

References

Brown J S and Adler R P (2008) ‘Minds on Fire: Open Education, the Long Tail, and Learning 2.0’, EDUCAUSE Review, January/February 2008: 16–32

Kent M (2015) ‘Disability and eLearning: Opportunities and Barriers’, Disability Studies Quarterly 35(1).

Liyanagunawardena T R and Hussain A (2017) ‘Online Distance Education Materials and Accessibility: Case Study of University College of Estate Management’, in E-Learning, E-Education, and Online Training: Third International Conference, eLEOT 2016, Dublin, Ireland, August 31 – September 2, Revised Selected Papers, Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 79-86.

Seale J, Georgeson J, Christoforos M and Swain J (2015) ‘Not the right kind of “digital capital”? An examination of the complex relationship between disabled students, their technologies and higher education institutions’, Computers & Education 82: 118–128.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (no date) ‘What are Open Educational Resources (OERs)?’, webpage.

W3C (2005) ‘Introduction to Web Accessibility’, webpage.